References

The works cited across this site, each with its own page and a stable iit:ref/ identifier.

• ab-solo-2014 — Lempel-Ziv Complexity Analysis of Local Field Potentials in Different Vigilance States with Different Coarse-Graining Techniques
• ab-solo-2015 — Lempel-Ziv complexity of cortical activity during sleep and waking in rats
• afrasiabi-2021 — Consciousness depends on integration between parietal cortex, striatum, and thalamus
• albantakis-2014 — Evolution of Integrated Causal Structures in Animats Exposed to Environments of Increasing Complexity
• albantakis-2015a — Fitness and neural complexity of animats exposed to environmental change
• albantakis-2015b — The Intrinsic Cause-Effect Power of Discrete Dynamical Systems—From Elementary Cellular Automata to Adapting Animats
• albantakis-2017 — Automata and Animats: From Dynamics to Cause–Effect Structures
• albantakis-2018 — A Tale of Two Animats: What Does It Take to Have Goals?
• albantakis-2019a — Causal Composition: Structural Differences among Dynamically Equivalent Systems
• albantakis-2019b — What Caused What? A Quantitative Account of Actual Causation Using Dynamical Causal Networks
• albantakis-2020 — Integrated information theory
• albantakis-2021a — A Macro Agent and Its Actions
• albantakis-2021b — Quantifying the Autonomy of Structurally Diverse Automata: A Comparison of Candidate Measures
• albantakis-2021c — What we are is more than what we do
• albantakis-2022 — To be or to know? Information in the pristine present
• albantakis-2023a — Computing the Integrated Information of a Quantum Mechanism
• albantakis-2023b — Integrated information theory (IIT) 4.0: Formulating the properties of phenomenal existence in physical terms
• albantakis-nd — IIT criticisms and replies (a non-exhaustive list)
• alkire-2008 — Consciousness and Anesthesia
• balduzzi-2008 — Integrated Information in Discrete Dynamical Systems: Motivation and Theoretical Framework
• balduzzi-2009 — Qualia: the geometry of integrated information
• barbosa-2020 — A measure for intrinsic information
• barbosa-2021 — Mechanism Integrated Information
• boly-2009 — Theoretical approaches to the diagnosis of altered states of consciousness
• boly-2015 — Stimulus set meaningfulness and neurophysiological differentiation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
• boly-2017 — Are the Neural Correlates of Consciousness in the Front or in the Back of the Cerebral Cortex? Clinical and Neuroimaging Evidence
• boly-2024 — Neural correlates of pure presence
• casali-2013 — A Theoretically Based Index of Consciousness Independent of Sensory Processing and Behavior
• casarotto-2016 — Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity
• cavelli-2023 — Sleep/wake changes in perturbational complexity in rats and mice
• chang-2019 — Assessing recurrent interactions in cortical networks: Modeling EEG response to transcranial magnetic stimulation
• comolatti-2019 — A fast and general method to empirically estimate the complexity of brain responses to transcranial and intracranial stimulations
• comolatti-2025 — Why does time feel the way it does? Toward a principled account of temporal experience
• edelman-2000 — A universe of consciousness : how matter becomes imagination
• edlund-2011 — Integrated information increases with fitness in the evolution of animats
• ellia-2021 — Consciousness and the fallacy of misplaced objectivity
• ferrante-2025 — Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness
• ferrarelli-2010 — Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness
• ferreri-2011 — Human brain connectivity during single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
• findlay-2025 — Dissociating Artificial Intelligence from Artificial Consciousness
• fischer-2018 — How swarm size during evolution impacts the behavior, generalizability, and brain complexity of animats performing a spatial navigation task
• fischer-2020 — How cognitive and environmental constraints influence the reliability of simulated animats in groups
• friston-1995 — Characterising the complexity of neuronal interactions
• gandhi-2023 — A survey of neurophysiological differentiation across mouse visual brain areas and timescales
• gomez-2020 — Computing Integrated Information (Φ) in Discrete Dynamical Systems with Multi-Valued Elements
• grasso-2019 — IIT vs. Russellian Monism: A metaphysical showdown on the content of experience
• grasso-2021a — Causal reductionism and causal structures
• grasso-2021b — Of maps and grids
• grasso-2026 — Consciousness as Intrinsic Structure: Towards a Chemistry of Experience
• hamidi-2009a — Evaluating the role of prefrontal and parietal cortices in memory-guided response with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
• hamidi-2009b — Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Affects behavior by Biasing Endogenous Cortical Oscillations
• hamidi-2010 — Brain responses evoked by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: an event-related potential study
• haun-2017a — Are we underestimating the richness of visual experience?
• haun-2017b — Conscious Perception as Integrated Information Patterns in Human Electrocorticography
• haun-2019 — Why Does Space Feel the Way it Does? Towards a Principled Account of Spatial Experience
• haun-2020 — Reasonable criteria for functionalists; scarce criteria from phenomenological perspective
• haun-2021 — What is visible across the visual field?
• haun-2022 — IIT is ideally positioned to explain perceptual phenomena
• haun-2025 — The unfathomable richness of seeing
• haun-2025a — Limits of iconic capacity for spatial position
• hendren-2026 — Can extrinsic methods reveal intrinsic structure? Complementing IIT with QStr
• hoel-2013 — Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro
• hoel-2016 — Can the macro beat the micro? Integrated information across spatiotemporal scales
• hudetz-2016 — Propofol anesthesia reduces Lempel-Ziv complexity of spontaneous brain activity in rats
• joshi-2013 — The minimal complexity of adapting agents increases with fitness
• juel-2019 — When is an action caused from within? Quantifying the causal chain leading to actions in simulated agents
• koch-2008 — Can machines be conscious?
• koch-2011 — A Test for Consciousness
• koch-2016a — Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems
• koch-2016b — Posterior and anterior cortex — where is the difference that makes the difference?
• koch-2017 — Special report : Can we copy the brain? - Can we quantify machine consciousness?
• lundbak-olesen-2023 — Phi fluctuates with surprisal: An empirical pre-study for the synthesis of the free energy principle and integrated information theory
• marshall-2016 — Integrated Information and State Differentiation
• marshall-2017 — How causal analysis can reveal autonomy in models of biological systems
• marshall-2018 — Black-boxing and cause-effect power
• marshall-2023 — System Integrated Information
• marshall-2026 — Intrinsic units: identifying a system’s causal grain
• massimini-2005 — Breakdown of Cortical Effective Connectivity During Sleep
• massimini-2009 — A perturbational approach for evaluating the brain's capacity for consciousness
• massimini-2009a — Slow waves, synaptic plasticity and information processing: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation and high‐density EEG experiments
• massimini-2012 — Cortical mechanisms of loss of consciousness: insight from TMS/EEG studies
• massimini-2018 — Sizing up Consciousness: Towards an objective measure of the capacity for experience
• mayner-2018a — Calculating Φ (S1 Text of "PyPhi: A toolbox for integrated information theory")
• mayner-2018b — PyPhi: A toolbox for integrated information theory
• mayner-2022a — Counting possible relations
• mayner-2022b — Measuring Stimulus-Evoked Neurophysiological Differentiation in Distinct Populations of Neurons in Mouse Visual Cortex
• mayner-2024 — Intrinsic meaning, perception, and matching
• mayner-2026 — Intrinsic Cause–Effect Power: The Tradeoff Between Differentiation and Specification
• melloni-2023 — An adversarial collaboration protocol for testing contrasting predictions of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theory
• mensen-2017 — EEG Differentiation Analysis and Stimulus Set Meaningfulness
• mensen-2018 — Differentiation Analysis of Continuous Electroencephalographic Activity Triggered by Video Clip Contents
• nieminen-2016 — Consciousness and cortical responsiveness: a within-state study during non-rapid eye movement sleep
• nir-2010 — Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology
• nir-2013 — Sleep and Consciousness
• oizumi-2014 — From the Phenomenology to the Mechanisms of Consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0
• perogamvros-2017 — The Phenomenal Contents and Neural Correlates of Spontaneous Thoughts across Wakefulness, NREM Sleep, and REM Sleep
• robinson-2026 — The Rosetta Stone and Levels of Principled Inference to the Experience of Another Mind
• rosanova-2012 — Recovery of cortical effective connectivity and recovery of consciousness in vegetative patients
• sanders-2012 — Unresponsiveness ≠ unconsciousness
• sanders-2016 — Is consciousness fragile?
• sanders-2018 — Propofol-induced unresponsiveness is associated with impaired feedforward connectivity in cortical hierarchy
• sarasso-2014 — Quantifying cortical EEG responses to TMS in (un)consciousness
• sarasso-2015 — Consciousness and Complexity during Unresponsiveness Induced by Propofol, Xenon, and Ketamine
• sasai-2016 — Functional split brain in a driving/listening paradigm
• siclari-2014 — The neural correlates of dreaming
• siclari-2017 — The neural correlates of dreaming
• song-2017 — Plasticity in the Structure of Visual Space
• sporns-2002 — Theoretical neuroanatomy and the connectivity of the cerebral cortex
• tononi-1992 — Reentry and the Problem of Integrating Multiple Cortical Areas: Simulation of Dynamic Integration in the Visual System
• tononi-1994 — A measure for brain complexity: relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system.
• tononi-1996 — A complexity measure for selective matching of signals by the brain.
• tononi-1997 — Information: In the stimulus or in the context?
• tononi-1998a — Complexity and coherency: integrating information in the brain
• tononi-1998b — Consciousness and Complexity
• tononi-1998c — Functional Clustering: Identifying Strongly Interactive Brain Regions in Neuroimaging Data
• tononi-1999 — Measures of degeneracy and redundancy in biological networks
• tononi-2001 — Information measures for conscious experience
• tononi-2003a — Galileo e il fotodiodo
• tononi-2003b — Measuring information integration
• tononi-2004 — An information integration theory of consciousness
• tononi-2005 — Consciousness, information integration, and the brain
• tononi-2008 — Consciousness as Integrated Information: a Provisional Manifesto
• tononi-2008a — Sleep, Consciousness and the Brain: A Perturbational Approach
• tononi-2008b — The neural correlates of consciousness: an update
• tononi-2008c — Why Does Consciousness Fade in Early Sleep?
• tononi-2010 — Information integration: its relevance to brain function and consciousness
• tononi-2012 — Phi: A Voyage from the Brain to the Soul
• tononi-2012a — Integrated information theory of consciousness: an updated account
• tononi-2013 — On the Irreducibility of Consciousness and Its Relevance to Free Will
• tononi-2014 — How Does Your PHI Formula Deal with the Evidence that Consciousness Is State Dependent? More Specifically, if PHI Were Higher in REM Sleep Than in Waking, Would You Conclude That Dreaming Was More Conscious Even Than Waking?
• tononi-2014a — Why Scott should stare at a blank wall and reconsider (or, the conscious grid)
• tononi-2015a — Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?
• tononi-2015b — Integrated information theory
• tononi-2016a — A reply to Barrett (2016)
• tononi-2016b — Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate
• tononi-2017 — Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness: Some Ontological Considerations
• tononi-2018 — Philosophy and Science Dialogue: Consciousness
• tononi-2022 — IIT, half masked and half disfigured
• tononi-2023 — Only what exists can cause: An intrinsic view of free will
• tononi-2024 — Consciousness and sleep
• tononi-2025a — Consciousness or pseudo-consciousness? A clash of two paradigms
• tononi-2025b — Integrated Information Theory: A Consciousness-First Approach to What Exists
• tsuchiya-2020 — A reply to “the unfolding argument”: Beyond functionalism/behaviorism and towards a science of causal structure theories of consciousness
• zaeemzadeh-2022 — Counting relations
• zaeemzadeh-2024a — Shannon information and integrated information: message and meaning
• zaeemzadeh-2024b — Upper bounds for integrated information