# Consciousness or pseudo-consciousness? A clash of two paradigms

Tononi et al. (2025). *Consciousness or pseudo-consciousness? A clash of two paradigms*. Nature Neuroscience. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-01880-y>

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| Type | journalArticle |
| Rights | rights-unknown |
| Tags | Critique responses, IIT 4.0, Implications |
| Identifier | `iit:ref/tononi-2025a` |

## Abstract

Integrated information theory (IIT) starts from consciousness, which is subjective, and accounts for its presence and quality in objective, testable terms. Attempts to label as ‘pseudoscientific’ a theory distinguished by decades of conceptual, mathematical, and empirical developments expose a crisis in the dominant computational-functionalist paradigm, which is challenged by IIT’s consciousness-first paradigm.